Application of nonspecific commercial AMF inocula results in poor mycorrhization in Camellia japonica L.

Camellia japonica L. (Theaceae, Theales) is an acidophilic evergreen flowering shrub and is traded worldwide. Symbiotic associations between the roots of this plant species and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), commonly recognized as natural biofertilizers and biocontrol agents, have been poorly studied so far. The aim of our study was to verify whether the application of nonspecific commercial AMF-based inocula could succeed and improve the growth of C. japonica. An experiment was conducted concerning the application of commercial inocula constituted by a specific AMF isolate (Funneliformis mosseae) or a consortium of different fungi and bacteria as alternatives to fertilization in pot cultivated C. japonica ‘Dr. Burnside’. Several growth parameters, plant nutrition and mycorrhization levels were monitored at the end of plant cultivation. Generally, increases in some macroelements (Ca, Mg, K) and microelements (Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn) were detected in the root system of inoculated camellias, while only Cu and Mn accumulation was increased in the leaves. Plants inoculated with the consortium inoculum exhibited increased chlorophyll content and foliage diameter while plants inoculated with F. mosseae exhibited increased number of flowers. Based on the polymorphism of an 18S rDNA region, we assessed the inoculated AMF that colonized C. japonica roots. The experiments showed that the applied AMF poorly colonized the root system of C. japonica. We suggest that commercial AMF formulations should be more targeted and host-specific in order to successfully colonize the host root and, potentially, fully express their benefits.     

Probing antioxidant activity of 2′-hydroxychalcones: Crystal and molecular structures, in vitro antiproliferative studies and in vivo effects on glucose regulation

In order to better understand the antioxidant behavior of a series of polyphenolic 2′-hydroxychalcones, we describe the results of several chemical and biological studies, in vitro and in vivo. Single crystal X-ray methods elucidated their molecular structures and important intermolecular interactions such as H-bonding and molecular stacking in the crystal structures that contribute to our knowledge in explaining antioxidant activity. The results of experiments using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-dipicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) UV–vis spectroscopic method indicate that a hydroxyl group in position 5′ induces the highest antioxidant activity. Consequently, 2,2′,5′-trihydroxychalcone was selected for further study in vitro towards ROS scavenging in L-6 myoblasts and THP-1 human monocytes, where it shows an excellent antioxidant activity in a concentration range lower than that reported by most studies of related molecules. In addition, this chalcone shows a very selective activity: it inhibits the proliferation of leukemic cells, but it does not affect the normal L-6 myoblasts and human fibroblasts. In studying 2,2′,5′-trihydroxychalcone's effect on weight gain and serum glucose and insulin levels in Zucker fatty (fa⁻/fa⁻) rats we found that supplementing the diet with a 10 mg/kg dose of this chalcone (3 times weekly) blunted the increase in glucose that co-occurs with weight gain over the 6-week treatment period. It is concluded that 2,2′,5′-trihydroxychalcone has the potential to serve as a protective agent for some debilitating diseases.     

Integrating multiple data sources to assess the distribution and abundance of bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in Scottish waters

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I. Primexine development in Passiflora racemosa Brot.: overlooked aspects of development

Developmental stages during the tetrad period were examined in detail by transmission electron microscopy with an emphasis on substructure. Our purpose was to find out whether the sequence of sporoderm developmental events provides additional evidence for our recent hypothesis on the underlying cause of exine ontogeny as a sequence of self-assembling micellar mesophases initiated by genomically given physicochemical parameters. Osmiophilic globules encrusting the surface of postmeiotic microspores and tapetal cells are temporary prepattern units which come first. The second prepattern structures are highly ordered bundles of microfilaments and microtubules which determine the position of microspore surface invaginations and clusters of the glycocalyx inside them. The first glycocalyx units are microgranules which during the middle tetrad stage rearrange into radially oriented rod-like units. The latter form lens-like clusters of the glycocalyx-1, located inside the invaginations. These clusters predestine the position of the future luminae in the exine reticulum. The second glycocalyx layer is laid down as a continuous layer over the whole microspore surface and has similar substructure, that is radial rods. Glycocalyx-2 is a framework for procolumellae which appear at the late tetrad stage. Therefore, the sequence of substructural units in the primexine is: globules, microgranules, rod-like units, and layers of radially oriented rods tightly packed in the periplasmic space. This sequence corresponds to the first three mesophases of self-assembling micelles: spherical micelles, cylindrical micelles, and layers of hexagonally packed cylindrical micelles (middle mesophase). We observed the same sequence in other species during primexine development, and the findings of this study provide new evidence for our hypothesis.     

Metal ion and inter-domain interactions as functional networks in E. coli topoisomerase I

Escherichia coli topoisomerase I (EcTopoI) is a type IA bacterial topoisomerase which is receiving large attention due to its potential application as novel target for antibacterial therapeutics. Nevertheless, a detailed knowledge of its mechanism of action at molecular level is to some extent lacking. This is partly due to the requirement of several factors (metal ions, nucleic acid) to the proper progress of the enzyme catalytic cycle. Additionally, each of them can differently affect the protein structure.     

Reproductive system morphology of Lightiella magdalenina (Crustacea,Cephalocarida): functional and adaptive implications

The reproductive systems of adults and larvae of Lightiella magdalenina were examined. Lightiella magdalenina, similar to the best-known cephalocarida species Hutchinsoniella macracantha, is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Although the morphology of their reproductive system is similar, L. magdalenina differs from H. macracantha in exhibiting reduced fecundity: it lays one egg, not two, per reproductive event. This is due to asynchronous development of the oocytes inside the paired female reproductive structures, which determines the maturation of a single egg at a time. The reduced fecundity of L. magdalenina could be offset by the precocious release of oocytes from the germarium, which begins the vitellogenetic process during the last larval stages. Due to this process, after their last moult, reproductive adults can have a large number of advanced vitellogenic oocytes, reducing the time required for their maturation. A possible adaptive relationship between the halved fecundity with pre- and post-hatching parental care is discussed.     

A comprehensive in silico analysis of huntingtin and its interactome

A polyglutamine expansion of the N-terminal region of huntingtin (Htt) causes Huntington’s disease, a severe neurodegenerative disorder. Htt huge multidomain structure, the presence of disordered regions, and the lack of sequence homologs of known structure, so far prevented structural studies of Htt, making the study of its structure-function relationships very difficult. In this work, the presence and location of five Htt ordered domains (named from Hunt1 to Hunt5) has been detected and the structure of these domains has been predicted for the first time using a combined threading/ab initio modeling approach. This work has led to the identification of a previously undetected HEAT repeats region in the Hunt3 domain. Furthermore, a putative function has been assigned to four out of the five domains. Hunt1 and Hunt5, displaying structural similarity with the regulatory subunit A of protein phosphatase 2A, are predicted to play a role in regulating the phosphorylation status of cellular proteins. Hunt2 and Hunt3 are predicted to be homologs of two yeast importins and to mediate vescicles transport and protein trafficking. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the Htt interactome has been carried out and is discussed to provide a global picture of the Htt’s structure–function relationships.     

Sputum analysis: Non‐invasive early lung cancer detection

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths over the world, characterized by a very high mortality rate. Molecular technique development tries to focus on early detection of cancers by studying molecular alterations that characterize cancer cells. Worldwide lung cancer research has focused on an ever‐increasing number of molecular elements of carcinogenesis at genetic, epigenetic and protein levels. The non‐invasiveness is the characteristic that all clinical trials on cancer detection should have. Abnormal chest imaging and/or non‐specific symptoms are initial signals of lung cancer that appear in an advanced stage of disease. This fact represents the cause of the low 5‐year survival rate: over 90% of patients dying within 5 years of diagnosis. Since smokers have higher quantity of sputum containing exfoliated cells from the bronchial tree, and the sputum represents the most easily accessible biological fluid and its collection is non‐invasive, analysis of this sample represents a good area of research in early lung cancer diagnosis. Continued cigarette smoking is the cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with an estimated attributable risk factor exceeding 80% in smoking affected individuals. Lung cancer is found in 40–70% of patients with COPD, particularly in severe disease, and it is a common cause of death in these patients. A large prospective trial of almost half a million non‐smokers showed as lung cancer is also common in patients with COPD who have never smoked. This review describes issues related to early lung cancer screening using non‐invasive methods. J. Cell. Physiol. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

BDNF prevents NMDA‐induced toxicity in models of Huntington's disease: the effects are genotype specific and adenosine A2A receptor is involved

NMDA receptor‐mediated excitotoxicity is thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease (HD). The neurotrophin brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which is also highly involved in HD and whose effects are modulated by adenosine A_2ARs, influences the activity and expression of striatal NMDA receptors. In electrophysiology experiments, we investigated the role of BDNF toward NMDA‐induced effects in HD models, and the possible involvement of A_2ARs. In corticostriatal slices from wild‐type mice and age‐matched symptomatic R6/2 mice (a model of HD), NMDA application (75 μM) induced a transient or a permanent (i.e., toxic) reduction of field potential amplitude, respectively. BDNF (10 ng/mL) potentiated NMDA effects in wild‐type, while it protected from NMDA toxicity in R6/2 mice. Both effects of BDNF were prevented by A_2AR blockade. The protective effect of BDNF against NMDA‐induced toxicity was reproduced in a cellular model of HD. These findings may have very important implications for the neuroprotective potential of BDNF and A_2AR ligands in HD.